A comparative literature review on the fundamental principles of Ayurveda and Unani systems of medicine.

Abstract

Traditional systems of medicine have long played a crucial role in the cultural and therapeutic landscapes of civilizations across the globe. Among them, Unani and Ayurvedic medicine stand out as time-tested systems that offer holistic approaches to health and disease. This comparative literature review explores the foundational principles underlying both medical traditions, tracing their historical evolution, philosophical concepts, and basic physiological frameworks.

Unani medicine, rooted in Greek and Arabic traditions, emphasizes the balance of four humors (Akhlat) and seven physiological principles (Umur Tabiyya), governed by external and internal influences known as Asbab Sitta Zaruriyya. Ayurveda, with its origins in the Indian subcontinent, is based on the balance of Doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), the concept of Panchamahabhutas (five elements), and a comprehensive understanding of body, mind, and spirit.

The paper highlights key similarities in elements such as temperament (Mizaj/Veerya), tissue classification, and health definitions, underscoring the value of integrative perspectives. The review also discusses how both systems were suppressed during colonial rule and later revived under government initiatives, especially with the formation of the Ministry of AYUSH. This study serves as a foundation for deeper research into integrative medicine and fosters cross-cultural understanding of ancient health sciences.